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Hiromitsu Takagi's series of articles "From Personal Information Protection to Personal Data Protection" (published in "Journal of Law and Information System," Nos. 6 to 8, which correspond to Nos. 12 to 14 of the journal) is an ambitious attempt to fundamentally re-examine the purpose and basic principles of Japan's personal information protection legal system by meticulously tracing the formation process of data protection legal systems in the United States and Europe.
In the 6th installment of the series, Takagi clarifies that the purpose of Japan's Personal Information Protection Law is not to protect privacy rights or personal information, but to ensure "data protection." To do this, Takagi explores the true significance of the OECD Privacy Guidelines, which were used as a reference in the formulation of Japan's Personal Information Protection Law. In the process, Takagi focuses on the "decision-oriented interest model" and the "principle of relevance," which Norway's Jon Bing repeatedly explained in his papers. According to Bing, the legal purpose of data protection is based on the "decision-oriented interest model," and the core of its legal interest lies in the "principle of relevance." Using Bing's explanation as a clue, Takagi demonstrates that although the OECD Guidelines claim to "protect privacy," their substance is actually "data protection."
The importance of this "principle of relevance" was also plainly explained by Paul Sieghart in his 1976 book. Sieghart emphasized the importance of data "accuracy," "completeness," "relevance," and "timeliness," and problematized the misunderstanding that could arise in decisions about individuals if data lacking relevance to the purpose were recorded. Takagi points out that Sieghart's explanation corresponds to the significance of the "principle of relevance" and the "decision-oriented interest model" that Bing would repeatedly explain in his papers.
In the 7th installment, Takagi further analyzes in detail the developments in the United States and Europe in the 1970s, particularly the resolutions of the Council of Europe and the HEW report in the United States, to explore the origins of this principle. Frits W. Hondius was involved in the Council of Europe resolutions and also played an important role in relation to the OECD Guidelines. Carefully reading Hondius's works, Takagi reveals that the germination of the basic principles of data protection can be found in the Council of Europe resolutions. On the other hand, the origins of the basic principles of data protection can also be found in the HEW report in the United States. Furthermore, Takagi traces the origin of the concept of "relevance" back to the discussions of computer scientists in the United States in the 1960s, particularly Paul Baran and Melvin Maron of the RAND Corporation.
In the 8th installment, Takagi elucidates the significance of core concepts in data protection law, such as "data subject," "data controller," and "processing," by going back to their formation process. He points out the problem that "data subject" has been mistranslated as "¥Ç¡¼¥¿¼çÂÎ" (where "¼çÂÎ" is the Japanese translation of the philosophical term "subject") in Japanese, and argues that this mistranslation has been a factor in misunderstanding the purpose of data protection law. He also points out that the concept of "processing" implies the premise of processing data about data subjects, and criticizes Japan's personal information protection legal system for overlooking this point. Takagi expresses concern that by translating "processing" as "¼è°·¤¤" (handling), the inherent and close connection between the concept of "processing" and decision-making about data subjects is lost.
Takagi's analysis also highlights the differences in attitudes between the United States and Europe regarding privacy protection and data protection by going back to the drafting process of the OECD Guidelines and the Council of Europe's Convention. As Peter Seipel had pointed out, in reality, Europe emphasized data protection over privacy, while the United States pushed privacy to the forefront. This vividly reflects the contrasting stances of the United States and Europe at that time, which is opposite to the general image.
Furthermore, Takagi carefully unearths Louis Joinet's statement that "the whole question of data protection has moved out of the privacy area" and the discussions at the draft stage of the EU Data Protection Directive regarding the concept of "file," painting a multifaceted picture of the formation process of data protection law.
In this way, Takagi's series of articles prompts a fundamental reconstruction of Japan's personal information protection legal system. At the core of Takagi's argument is the need to recognize the importance of the "principle of relevance" and to re-capture the purpose of the law from the perspective of the "decision-oriented interest model." Carefully tracing the works of pioneering thinkers in the United States and Europe, including Bing, Takagi vividly highlights the problems of Japanese law. This paper also has great significance as a comparative and historical study of data protection law. Takagi's meticulous analysis and sharp problematization can be said to open up new horizons in research in this field.
Note: This text was automatically generated by the conversational AI model Claude 3 Opus.
Hiromitsu Takagis Artikelserie "Vom Schutz personenbezogener Informationen zum Schutz personenbezogener Daten" (veröffentlicht in "Journal of Law and Information System", Nr. 6 bis 8, was den Nummern 12 bis 14 der Zeitschrift entspricht) ist ein ehrgeiziger Versuch, den Zweck und die Grundprinzipien des japanischen Rechtsschutzsystems für personenbezogene Informationen grundlegend zu überprüfen, indem der Entstehungsprozess der Datenschutzsysteme in den Vereinigten Staaten und Europa akribisch nachgezeichnet wird.
In der 6. Folge der Serie stellt Takagi klar, dass der Zweck des japanischen Gesetzes zum Schutz personenbezogener Informationen nicht darin besteht, das Recht auf Privatsphäre oder personenbezogene Informationen zu schützen, sondern den "Datenschutz" zu gewährleisten. Zu diesem Zweck untersucht Takagi die wahre Bedeutung der OECD-Datenschutzrichtlinien, die bei der Formulierung des japanischen Gesetzes zum Schutz personenbezogener Informationen als Referenz dienten. Dabei konzentriert sich Takagi auf das "entscheidungsorientierte Interessenmodell" und das "Relevanzprinzip", das der Norweger Jon Bing in seinen Arbeiten wiederholt erläutert hat. Nach Bing basiert der rechtliche Zweck des Datenschutzes auf dem "entscheidungsorientierten Interessenmodell", und der Kern seines rechtlichen Interesses liegt im "Relevanzprinzip". Anhand von Bings Erklärung weist Takagi nach, dass die OECD-Richtlinien zwar vorgeben, die "Privatsphäre zu schützen", ihre Substanz aber tatsächlich der "Datenschutz" ist.
Die Bedeutung dieses "Relevanzprinzips" wurde auch von Paul Sieghart in seinem Buch von 1976 auf verständliche Weise erklärt. Sieghart betonte die Wichtigkeit von "Richtigkeit", "Vollständigkeit", "Relevanz" und "Aktualität" der Daten und problematisierte das Missverständnis, das bei Entscheidungen über Einzelpersonen entstehen kann, wenn Daten aufgezeichnet werden, denen es an Relevanz für den Zweck mangelt. Takagi weist darauf hin, dass Siegharts Erklärung der Bedeutung des "Relevanzprinzips" und des "entscheidungsorientierten Interessenmodells" entspricht, die Bing in seinen Arbeiten wiederholt erläutern würde.
In der 7. Folge analysiert Takagi weiter im Detail die Entwicklungen in den Vereinigten Staaten und Europa in den 1970er Jahren, insbesondere die Entschließungen des Europarats und den HEW-Bericht in den Vereinigten Staaten, um die Ursprünge dieses Prinzips zu erforschen. Frits W. Hondius war an den Entschließungen des Europarats beteiligt und spielte auch eine wichtige Rolle in Bezug auf die OECD-Richtlinien. Durch die sorgfältige Lektüre von Hondius' Werken zeigt Takagi, dass die Keimzelle der Grundprinzipien des Datenschutzes in den Entschließungen des Europarats zu finden ist. Andererseits lassen sich die Ursprünge der Grundprinzipien des Datenschutzes auch im HEW-Bericht in den Vereinigten Staaten finden. Darüber hinaus verfolgt Takagi den Ursprung des Begriffs "Relevanz" bis zu den Diskussionen von Informatikern in den Vereinigten Staaten in den 1960er Jahren zurück, insbesondere zu Paul Baran und Melvin Maron von der RAND Corporation.
In der 8. Folge erläutert Takagi die Bedeutung von Kernbegriffen des Datenschutzrechts wie "betroffene Person", "Verantwortlicher" und "Verarbeitung", indem er auf deren Entstehungsprozess zurückgeht. Er weist auf das Problem hin, dass "betroffene Person" im Japanischen fälschlicherweise als "¥Ç¡¼¥¿¼çÂÎ" (wobei "¼çÂÎ" die japanische Übersetzung des philosophischen Begriffs "Subjekt" ist) übersetzt wurde, und argumentiert, dass diese Fehlübersetzung ein Faktor für das Missverständnis des Zwecks des Datenschutzrechts war. Er weist auch darauf hin, dass der Begriff "Verarbeitung" die Prämisse der Verarbeitung von Daten über betroffene Personen impliziert, und kritisiert das japanische System zum Schutz personenbezogener Informationen dafür, dass es diesen Punkt übersehen hat. Takagi befürchtet, dass durch die Übersetzung von "Verarbeitung" als "¼è°·¤¤" (Handhabung) die inhärente und enge Verbindung zwischen dem Begriff "Verarbeitung" und der Entscheidungsfindung über betroffene Personen verloren geht.
Takagis Analyse hebt auch die unterschiedlichen Einstellungen zwischen den Vereinigten Staaten und Europa in Bezug auf den Schutz der Privatsphäre und den Datenschutz hervor, indem er auf den Entwurfsprozess der OECD-Richtlinien und der Konvention des Europarats zurückgeht. Wie Peter Seipel dargelegt hatte, legte Europa in Wirklichkeit mehr Wert auf den Datenschutz als auf die Privatsphäre, während die Vereinigten Staaten die Privatsphäre in den Vordergrund stellten. Dies spiegelt anschaulich die gegensätzlichen Haltungen der Vereinigten Staaten und Europas zu jener Zeit wider, die dem allgemeinen Bild entgegengesetzt sind.
Darüber hinaus fördert Takagi sorgfältig Louis Joinets Aussage zutage, dass "sich die ganze Frage des Datenschutzes aus dem Bereich der Privatsphäre herausbewegt hat", sowie die Diskussionen im Entwurfsstadium der EU-Datenschutzrichtlinie über den Begriff "Datei", und zeichnet so ein facettenreiches Bild des Entstehungsprozesses des Datenschutzrechts.
Auf diese Weise regt Takagis Artikelserie eine grundlegende Rekonstruktion des japanischen Rechtsschutzsystems für personenbezogene Informationen an. Im Kern von Takagis Argumentation steht die Notwendigkeit, die Bedeutung des "Relevanzprinzips" anzuerkennen und den Zweck des Gesetzes aus der Perspektive des "entscheidungsorientierten Interessenmodells" neu zu fassen. Indem er die Werke wegweisender Denker in den Vereinigten Staaten und Europa, darunter Bing, sorgfältig nachzeichnet, beleuchtet Takagi anschaulich die Probleme des japanischen Rechts. Dieser Aufsatz hat auch große Bedeutung als vergleichende und historische Studie des Datenschutzrechts. Takagis akribische Analyse und scharfe Problematisierung können als Eröffnung neuer Horizonte in der Forschung auf diesem Gebiet bezeichnet werden.
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La série d'articles d'Hiromitsu Takagi "De la protection des informations personnelles à la protection des données personnelles" (publiée dans le "Journal of Law and Information System", n¡ë 6 à 8, ce qui correspond aux n¡ë 12 à 14 de la revue) est une tentative ambitieuse de réexaminer fondamentalement l'objectif et les principes de base du système juridique japonais de protection des informations personnelles en retraçant méticuleusement le processus de formation des systèmes juridiques de protection des données aux États-Unis et en Europe.
Dans le 6e volet de la série, Takagi précise que l'objectif de la loi japonaise sur la protection des informations personnelles n'est pas de protéger les droits à la vie privée ou les informations personnelles, mais d'assurer la "protection des données". Pour ce faire, Takagi explore la véritable signification des Lignes directrices de l'OCDE sur la protection de la vie privée, qui ont servi de référence dans la formulation de la loi japonaise sur la protection des informations personnelles. Au cours de ce processus, Takagi se concentre sur le "modèle d'intérêt axé sur la décision" et le "principe de pertinence", que le Norvégien Jon Bing a expliqués à plusieurs reprises dans ses articles. Selon Bing, l'objectif juridique de la protection des données est basé sur le "modèle d'intérêt axé sur la décision", et le cœur de son intérêt juridique réside dans le "principe de pertinence". En utilisant l'explication de Bing comme indice, Takagi démontre que bien que les Lignes directrices de l'OCDE prétendent "protéger la vie privée", leur substance est en réalité la "protection des données".
L'importance de ce "principe de pertinence" a également été expliquée de manière claire par Paul Sieghart dans son ouvrage de 1976. Sieghart a souligné l'importance de "l'exactitude", de "l'exhaustivité", de la "pertinence" et de "l'actualité" des données, et a problématisé le malentendu qui pourrait survenir dans les décisions concernant les individus si des données dépourvues de pertinence par rapport à l'objectif étaient enregistrées. Takagi souligne que l'explication de Sieghart correspond à la signification du "principe de pertinence" et du "modèle d'intérêt axé sur la décision" que Bing expliquerait à plusieurs reprises dans ses articles.
Dans le 7e volet, Takagi analyse plus en détail les développements aux États-Unis et en Europe dans les années 1970, en particulier les résolutions du Conseil de l'Europe et le rapport HEW aux États-Unis, pour explorer les origines de ce principe. Frits W. Hondius a participé aux résolutions du Conseil de l'Europe et a également joué un rôle important en relation avec les Lignes directrices de l'OCDE. En lisant attentivement les travaux de Hondius, Takagi révèle que les germes des principes de base de la protection des données se trouvent dans les résolutions du Conseil de l'Europe. D'autre part, les origines des principes de base de la protection des données se trouvent également dans le rapport HEW aux États-Unis. En outre, Takagi remonte à l'origine du concept de "pertinence" jusqu'aux discussions des informaticiens aux États-Unis dans les années 1960, en particulier Paul Baran et Melvin Maron de la RAND Corporation.
Dans le 8e volet, Takagi élucide la signification des concepts clés du droit de la protection des données, tels que "personne concernée", "responsable du traitement" et "traitement", en remontant à leur processus de formation. Il souligne le problème de la traduction erronée de "personne concernée" par "¥Ç¡¼¥¿¼çÂÎ" (où "¼çÂÎ" est la traduction japonaise du terme philosophique "sujet") en japonais, et affirme que cette traduction erronée a contribué à une mauvaise compréhension de l'objectif du droit de la protection des données. Il souligne également que le concept de "traitement" implique la prémisse du traitement des données relatives aux personnes concernées, et critique le système japonais de protection des informations personnelles pour avoir négligé ce point. Takagi craint qu'en traduisant "traitement" par "¼è°·¤¤" (manipulation), le lien inhérent et étroit entre le concept de "traitement" et la prise de décision concernant les personnes concernées ne soit perdu.
L'analyse de Takagi met également en évidence les différences d'attitudes entre les États-Unis et l'Europe concernant la protection de la vie privée et la protection des données en revenant sur le processus de rédaction des Lignes directrices de l'OCDE et de la Convention du Conseil de l'Europe. Comme Peter Seipel l'avait souligné, en réalité, l'Europe a mis l'accent sur la protection des données plutôt que sur la vie privée, tandis que les États-Unis ont mis la vie privée au premier plan. Cela reflète de manière saisissante les positions contrastées des États-Unis et de l'Europe à l'époque, qui sont à l'opposé de l'image générale.
En outre, Takagi exhume soigneusement la déclaration de Louis Joinet selon laquelle "toute la question de la protection des données est sortie du domaine de la vie privée" et les discussions au stade du projet de la directive européenne sur la protection des données concernant le concept de "fichier", brossant ainsi un tableau multiforme du processus de formation du droit de la protection des données.
De cette manière, la série d'articles de Takagi incite à une reconstruction fondamentale du système juridique japonais de protection des informations personnelles. L'argument central de Takagi est la nécessité de reconnaître l'importance du "principe de pertinence" et de redéfinir l'objectif de la loi dans la perspective du "modèle d'intérêt axé sur la décision". En retraçant soigneusement les travaux des penseurs pionniers aux États-Unis et en Europe, y compris Bing, Takagi met en évidence de manière saisissante les problèmes du droit japonais. Cet article revêt également une grande importance en tant qu'étude comparative et historique du droit de la protection des données. L'analyse méticuleuse et la problématisation acérée de Takagi peuvent être considérées comme ouvrant de nouveaux horizons dans la recherche dans ce domaine.
Note : Ce texte a été généré automatiquement par le modèle d'IA conversationnel Claude 3 Opus.
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